My Report (July 10)

Dataset statistics

Number of variables	12
Number of observations	2035
Missing cells	294
Missing cells (%)	1.2%
Duplicate rows	0
Duplicate rows (%)	0.0%
Total size in memory	190.9 KiB
Average record size in memory	96.1 B

Variable types

Numeric	9
Categorical	3

Warnings

`Country name` has a high cardinality: 149 distinct values	High cardinality
`Ladder score` is highly correlated with `Log GDP per capita` and 3 other fields	High correlation
`Log GDP per capita` is highly correlated with `Ladder score` and 2 other fields	High correlation
`Healthy life expectancy` is highly correlated with `Ladder score` and 2 other fields	High correlation
`Social support` is highly correlated with `Ladder score` and 2 other fields	High correlation
`Freedom to make life choices` is highly correlated with `Ladder score`	High correlation
`Ladder score` is highly correlated with `Log GDP per capita` and 3 other fields	High correlation
`Log GDP per capita` is highly correlated with `Ladder score` and 2 other fields	High correlation
`Healthy life expectancy` is highly correlated with `Ladder score` and 2 other fields	High correlation
`Social support` is highly correlated with `Ladder score` and 2 other fields	High correlation
`Freedom to make life choices` is highly correlated with `Ladder score`	High correlation
`Ladder score` is highly correlated with `Log GDP per capita` and 2 other fields	High correlation
`Log GDP per capita` is highly correlated with `Ladder score` and 2 other fields	High correlation
`Healthy life expectancy` is highly correlated with `Ladder score` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`Social support` is highly correlated with `Ladder score` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`Ladder score` is highly correlated with `Healthy life expectancy` and 5 other fields	High correlation
`Year` is highly correlated with `df_index` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`df_index` is highly correlated with `Year` and 3 other fields	High correlation
`Healthy life expectancy` is highly correlated with `Ladder score` and 5 other fields	High correlation
`Freedom to make life choices` is highly correlated with `Ladder score` and 5 other fields	High correlation
`Generosity` is highly correlated with `Log GDP per capita` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`Log GDP per capita` is highly correlated with `Ladder score` and 7 other fields	High correlation
`COVID time` is highly correlated with `Year` and 1 other fields	High correlation
`Regional indicator` is highly correlated with `Ladder score` and 7 other fields	High correlation
`Social support` is highly correlated with `Ladder score` and 4 other fields	High correlation
`Perceptions of corruption` is highly correlated with `Ladder score` and 4 other fields	High correlation
`Log GDP per capita` has 24 (1.2%) missing values	Missing
`Healthy life expectancy` has 51 (2.5%) missing values	Missing
`Freedom to make life choices` has 30 (1.5%) missing values	Missing
`Generosity` has 76 (3.7%) missing values	Missing
`Perceptions of corruption` has 104 (5.1%) missing values	Missing
`df_index` is uniformly distributed	Uniform
`Country name` is uniformly distributed	Uniform
`df_index` has unique values	Unique

Reproduction

Analysis started	2021-07-11 01:04:20.317895
Analysis finished	2021-07-11 01:05:11.426300
Duration	51.11 seconds
Software version	pandas-profiling v3.0.0
Download configuration	config.json

df_index
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION
UNIFORM
UNIQUE

Distinct	2035
Distinct (%)	100.0%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	1017

Minimum	0
Maximum	2034
Zeros	1
Zeros (%)	< 0.1%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	16.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0
5-th percentile	101.7
Q1	508.5
median	1017
Q3	1525.5
95-th percentile	1932.3
Maximum	2034
Range	2034
Interquartile range (IQR)	1017

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	587.5982187
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.5777760263
Kurtosis	-1.2
Mean	1017
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	509
Skewness	0
Sum	2069595
Variance	345271.6667
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	1	< 0.1%
669	1	< 0.1%
695	1	< 0.1%
693	1	< 0.1%
691	1	< 0.1%
689	1	< 0.1%
687	1	< 0.1%
685	1	< 0.1%
683	1	< 0.1%
681	1	< 0.1%
Other values (2025)	2025	99.5%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0	1	< 0.1%
1	1	< 0.1%
2	1	< 0.1%
3	1	< 0.1%
4	1	< 0.1%
5	1	< 0.1%
6	1	< 0.1%
7	1	< 0.1%
8	1	< 0.1%
9	1	< 0.1%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
2034	1	< 0.1%
2033	1	< 0.1%
2032	1	< 0.1%
2031	1	< 0.1%
2030	1	< 0.1%
2029	1	< 0.1%
2028	1	< 0.1%
2027	1	< 0.1%
2026	1	< 0.1%
2025	1	< 0.1%

Country name
Categorical

HIGH CARDINALITY
UNIFORM

Distinct	149
Distinct (%)	7.3%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	16.0 KiB

Ghana	16
Zimbabwe	16
Japan	16
El Salvador	16
Colombia	16
Other values (144)	1955

Length

Max length	25
Median length	7
Mean length	8.274692875
Min length	4

Characters and Unicode

Total characters	16839
Distinct characters	52
Distinct categories	6 ?
Distinct scripts	2 ?
Distinct blocks	1 ?

The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Sample

1st row	Afghanistan
2nd row	Afghanistan
3rd row	Afghanistan
4th row	Afghanistan
5th row	Afghanistan

Common Values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Ghana	16	0.8%
Zimbabwe	16	0.8%
Japan	16	0.8%
El Salvador	16	0.8%
Colombia	16	0.8%
Israel	16	0.8%
Uruguay	16	0.8%
Kazakhstan	16	0.8%
Mexico	16	0.8%
Kyrgyzstan	16	0.8%
Other values (139)	1875	92.1%

Length

Histogram of lengths of the category

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
united	46	1.9%
china	42	1.7%
south	32	1.3%
republic	29	1.2%
of	26	1.1%
cyprus	22	0.9%
north	22	0.9%
cambodia	16	0.7%
argentina	16	0.7%
cameroon	16	0.7%
Other values (159)	2168	89.0%

Most occurring characters

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
a	2629	15.6%
i	1484	8.8%
n	1363	8.1%
e	1145	6.8%
r	984	5.8%
o	933	5.5%
t	610	3.6%
l	608	3.6%
u	521	3.1%
s	518	3.1%
Other values (42)	6044	35.9%

Most occurring categories

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Lowercase Letter	13962	82.9%
Uppercase Letter	2419	14.4%
Space Separator	400	2.4%
Other Punctuation	36	0.2%
Open Punctuation	11	0.1%
Close Punctuation	11	0.1%

Most frequent character per category

Lowercase Letter

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
a	2629	18.8%
i	1484	10.6%
n	1363	9.8%
e	1145	8.2%
r	984	7.0%
o	933	6.7%
t	610	4.4%
l	608	4.4%
u	521	3.7%
s	518	3.7%
Other values (16)	3167	22.7%

Uppercase Letter

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
S	236	9.8%
C	229	9.5%
M	193	8.0%
B	174	7.2%
A	169	7.0%
P	133	5.5%
N	129	5.3%
T	127	5.3%
I	124	5.1%
K	119	4.9%
Other values (12)	786	32.5%

Space Separator

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	400	100.0%

Open Punctuation

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
(	11	100.0%

Close Punctuation

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
)	11	100.0%

Other Punctuation

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
.	36	100.0%

Most occurring scripts

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Latin	16381	97.3%
Common	458	2.7%

Most frequent character per script

Latin

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
a	2629	16.0%
i	1484	9.1%
n	1363	8.3%
e	1145	7.0%
r	984	6.0%
o	933	5.7%
t	610	3.7%
l	608	3.7%
u	521	3.2%
s	518	3.2%
Other values (38)	5586	34.1%

Common

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	400	87.3%
.	36	7.9%
(	11	2.4%
)	11	2.4%

Most occurring blocks

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
ASCII	16839	100.0%

Most frequent character per block

ASCII

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
a	2629	15.6%
i	1484	8.8%
n	1363	8.1%
e	1145	6.8%
r	984	5.8%
o	933	5.5%
t	610	3.6%
l	608	3.6%
u	521	3.1%
s	518	3.1%
Other values (42)	6044	35.9%

Regional indicator
Categorical

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	10
Distinct (%)	0.5%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	16.0 KiB

Sub-Saharan Africa	426
Latin America and Caribbean	299
Western Europe	292
Central and Eastern Europe	242
Middle East and North Africa	228
Other values (5)	548

Length

Max length	34
Median length	18
Mean length	21.34987715
Min length	9

Characters and Unicode

Total characters	43447
Distinct characters	30
Distinct categories	4 ?
Distinct scripts	2 ?
Distinct blocks	1 ?

The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Sample

1st row	South Asia
2nd row	South Asia
3rd row	South Asia
4th row	South Asia
5th row	South Asia

Common Values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Sub-Saharan Africa	426	20.9%
Latin America and Caribbean	299	14.7%
Western Europe	292	14.3%
Central and Eastern Europe	242	11.9%
Middle East and North Africa	228	11.2%
Commonwealth of Independent States	182	8.9%
Southeast Asia	125	6.1%
South Asia	91	4.5%
East Asia	88	4.3%
North America and ANZ	62	3.0%

Length

Histogram of lengths of the category

Pie chart

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
and	831	13.1%
africa	654	10.3%
europe	534	8.4%
sub-saharan	426	6.7%
america	361	5.7%
east	316	5.0%
asia	304	4.8%
caribbean	299	4.7%
latin	299	4.7%
western	292	4.6%
Other values (11)	2008	31.8%

Most occurring characters

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
a	5614	12.9%
	4289	9.9%
e	3525	8.1%
n	3359	7.7%
r	3340	7.7%
t	2750	6.3%
i	2145	4.9%
d	1651	3.8%
o	1586	3.7%
s	1461	3.4%
Other values (20)	13727	31.6%

Most occurring categories

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Lowercase Letter	32871	75.7%
Uppercase Letter	5861	13.5%
Space Separator	4289	9.9%
Dash Punctuation	426	1.0%

Most frequent character per category

Lowercase Letter

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
a	5614	17.1%
e	3525	10.7%
n	3359	10.2%
r	3340	10.2%
t	2750	8.4%
i	2145	6.5%
d	1651	5.0%
o	1586	4.8%
s	1461	4.4%
u	1176	3.6%
Other values (8)	6264	19.1%

Uppercase Letter

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
A	1381	23.6%
S	1250	21.3%
E	1092	18.6%
C	723	12.3%
N	352	6.0%
L	299	5.1%
W	292	5.0%
M	228	3.9%
I	182	3.1%
Z	62	1.1%

Space Separator

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	4289	100.0%

Dash Punctuation

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
-	426	100.0%

Most occurring scripts

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Latin	38732	89.1%
Common	4715	10.9%

Most frequent character per script

Latin

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
a	5614	14.5%
e	3525	9.1%
n	3359	8.7%
r	3340	8.6%
t	2750	7.1%
i	2145	5.5%
d	1651	4.3%
o	1586	4.1%
s	1461	3.8%
A	1381	3.6%
Other values (18)	11920	30.8%

Common

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
	4289	91.0%
-	426	9.0%

Most occurring blocks

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
ASCII	43447	100.0%

Most frequent character per block

ASCII

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
a	5614	12.9%
	4289	9.9%
e	3525	8.1%
n	3359	7.7%
r	3340	7.7%
t	2750	6.3%
i	2145	4.9%
d	1651	3.8%
o	1586	3.7%
s	1461	3.4%
Other values (20)	13727	31.6%

Year
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	17
Distinct (%)	0.8%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	2013.826536

Minimum	2005
Maximum	2021
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	16.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	2005
5-th percentile	2006
Q1	2010
median	2014
Q3	2018
95-th percentile	2021
Maximum	2021
Range	16
Interquartile range (IQR)	8

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	4.514249649
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.002241627851
Kurtosis	-1.081594923
Mean	2013.826536
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	4
Skewness	-0.1168037387
Sum	4098137
Variance	20.37844989
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=17)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
2021	149	7.3%
2019	144	7.1%
2017	143	7.0%
2018	142	7.0%
2014	138	6.8%
2016	138	6.8%
2015	137	6.7%
2011	136	6.7%
2012	135	6.6%
2013	132	6.5%
Other values (7)	641	31.5%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
2005	27	1.3%
2006	87	4.3%
2007	99	4.9%
2008	107	5.3%
2009	108	5.3%
2010	118	5.8%
2011	136	6.7%
2012	135	6.6%
2013	132	6.5%
2014	138	6.8%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
2021	149	7.3%
2020	95	4.7%
2019	144	7.1%
2018	142	7.0%
2017	143	7.0%
2016	138	6.8%
2015	137	6.7%
2014	138	6.8%
2013	132	6.5%
2012	135	6.6%

Ladder score
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	1601
Distinct (%)	78.7%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	5.490948403

Minimum	2.375
Maximum	8.019
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	16.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	2.375
5-th percentile	3.7142
Q1	4.669
median	5.42
Q3	6.298
95-th percentile	7.3871
Maximum	8.019
Range	5.644
Interquartile range (IQR)	1.629

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	1.107522756
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.2016997202
Kurtosis	-0.6845532752
Mean	5.490948403
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.803
Skewness	0.06105199064
Sum	11174.08
Variance	1.226606656
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
5.252	5	0.2%
5.786	4	0.2%
6.309	4	0.2%
5.84	4	0.2%
5.074	4	0.2%
6.69	4	0.2%
4.741	4	0.2%
5.304	4	0.2%
6.561	4	0.2%
4.574	4	0.2%
Other values (1591)	1994	98.0%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
2.375	1	< 0.1%
2.523	1	< 0.1%
2.662	1	< 0.1%
2.694	2	0.1%
2.702	1	< 0.1%
2.808	1	< 0.1%
2.839	1	< 0.1%
2.903	1	< 0.1%
2.905	1	< 0.1%
2.936	1	< 0.1%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
8.019	1	< 0.1%
7.971	1	< 0.1%
7.889	1	< 0.1%
7.858	1	< 0.1%
7.842	1	< 0.1%
7.834	1	< 0.1%
7.788	2	0.1%
7.78	1	< 0.1%
7.776	1	< 0.1%
7.771	1	< 0.1%

Log GDP per capita
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
MISSING

Distinct	1544
Distinct (%)	76.8%
Missing	24
Missing (%)	1.2%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	9.391096469

Minimum	6.635
Maximum	11.648
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	16.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	6.635
5-th percentile	7.405
Q1	8.484
median	9.487
Q3	10.3705
95-th percentile	10.9285
Maximum	11.648
Range	5.013
Interquartile range (IQR)	1.8865

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	1.141128578
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.1215117512
Kurtosis	-0.8678665426
Mean	9.391096469
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.946
Skewness	-0.3220532555
Sum	18885.495
Variance	1.302174431
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
10.546	5	0.2%
9.607	4	0.2%
10.861	4	0.2%
9.262	4	0.2%
7.926	4	0.2%
9.569	4	0.2%
9.186	4	0.2%
9.782	4	0.2%
9.24	4	0.2%
10.166	4	0.2%
Other values (1534)	1970	96.8%
(Missing)	24	1.2%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
6.635	2	0.1%
6.678	1	< 0.1%
6.719	1	< 0.1%
6.723	1	< 0.1%
6.742	1	< 0.1%
6.748	1	< 0.1%
6.776	1	< 0.1%
6.787	1	< 0.1%
6.823	1	< 0.1%
6.838	1	< 0.1%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
11.648	1	< 0.1%
11.647	1	< 0.1%
11.645	1	< 0.1%
11.64	1	< 0.1%
11.634	1	< 0.1%
11.617	1	< 0.1%
11.598	1	< 0.1%
11.595	1	< 0.1%
11.592	1	< 0.1%
11.58	1	< 0.1%

Healthy life expectancy
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
MISSING

Distinct	890
Distinct (%)	44.9%
Missing	51
Missing (%)	2.5%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	63.6952122

Minimum	32.3
Maximum	77.1
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	16.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	32.3
5-th percentile	49.266
Q1	59.18
median	65.4
Q3	68.8
95-th percentile	73.1
Maximum	77.1
Range	44.8
Interquartile range (IQR)	9.62

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	7.376080279
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.1158027429
Kurtosis	0.04337824949
Mean	63.6952122
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	4.76
Skewness	-0.7703262842
Sum	126371.301
Variance	54.40656028
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
72.2	16	0.8%
73	15	0.7%
66.4	14	0.7%
72.4	14	0.7%
72.6	14	0.7%
67.2	14	0.7%
66.6	13	0.6%
65.2	12	0.6%
66.3	12	0.6%
66.8	12	0.6%
Other values (880)	1848	90.8%
(Missing)	51	2.5%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
32.3	1	< 0.1%
36.86	1	< 0.1%
40.3	1	< 0.1%
40.38	1	< 0.1%
40.808	1	< 0.1%
41.2	1	< 0.1%
41.42	1	< 0.1%
41.58	1	< 0.1%
42.1	1	< 0.1%
42.86	1	< 0.1%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
77.1	1	< 0.1%
76.953	1	< 0.1%
76.82	1	< 0.1%
76.8	1	< 0.1%
76.5	1	< 0.1%
76.2	1	< 0.1%
75.9	1	< 0.1%
75.68	1	< 0.1%
75.46	1	< 0.1%
75.2	1	< 0.1%

Social support
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	450
Distinct (%)	22.2%
Missing	9
Missing (%)	0.4%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	0.814958539

Minimum	0.291
Maximum	0.987
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	16.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0.291
5-th percentile	0.577
Q1	0.751
median	0.836
Q3	0.90675
95-th percentile	0.951
Maximum	0.987
Range	0.696
Interquartile range (IQR)	0.15575

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.1161247148
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.1424915615
Kurtosis	1.007588025
Mean	0.814958539
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.075
Skewness	-1.068720604
Sum	1651.106
Variance	0.01348494939
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.818	15	0.7%
0.937	15	0.7%
0.878	14	0.7%
0.91	14	0.7%
0.954	14	0.7%
0.917	14	0.7%
0.832	14	0.7%
0.909	14	0.7%
0.931	13	0.6%
0.827	13	0.6%
Other values (440)	1886	92.7%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.291	2	0.1%
0.303	1	< 0.1%
0.326	1	< 0.1%
0.373	1	< 0.1%
0.382	1	< 0.1%
0.42	1	< 0.1%
0.422	1	< 0.1%
0.434	1	< 0.1%
0.435	1	< 0.1%
0.436	1	< 0.1%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.987	1	< 0.1%
0.985	1	< 0.1%
0.984	1	< 0.1%
0.983	4	0.2%
0.982	2	0.1%
0.98	1	< 0.1%
0.979	2	0.1%
0.977	2	0.1%
0.976	1	< 0.1%
0.975	1	< 0.1%

Freedom to make life choices
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
HIGH CORRELATION
MISSING

Distinct	533
Distinct (%)	26.6%
Missing	30
Missing (%)	1.5%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	0.7482693267

Minimum	0.258
Maximum	0.985
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	16.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0.258
5-th percentile	0.487
Q1	0.656
median	0.769
Q3	0.861
95-th percentile	0.936
Maximum	0.985
Range	0.727
Interquartile range (IQR)	0.205

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.1392889173
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.1861481051
Kurtosis	-0.05130860423
Mean	0.7482693267
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.102
Skewness	-0.6477172894
Sum	1500.28
Variance	0.01940140248
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.882	11	0.5%
0.749	10	0.5%
0.817	10	0.5%
0.891	10	0.5%
0.904	10	0.5%
0.783	10	0.5%
0.935	10	0.5%
0.824	10	0.5%
0.877	10	0.5%
0.838	9	0.4%
Other values (523)	1905	93.6%
(Missing)	30	1.5%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.258	1	< 0.1%
0.26	1	< 0.1%
0.287	1	< 0.1%
0.295	1	< 0.1%
0.304	1	< 0.1%
0.306	1	< 0.1%
0.315	1	< 0.1%
0.332	1	< 0.1%
0.333	1	< 0.1%
0.335	1	< 0.1%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.985	1	< 0.1%
0.984	1	< 0.1%
0.98	1	< 0.1%
0.971	1	< 0.1%
0.97	4	0.2%
0.969	1	< 0.1%
0.965	1	< 0.1%
0.964	2	0.1%
0.963	2	0.1%
0.962	4	0.2%

Generosity
Real number (ℝ)

HIGH CORRELATION
MISSING

Distinct	613
Distinct (%)	31.3%
Missing	76
Missing (%)	3.7%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	-0.002345584482

Minimum	-0.335
Maximum	0.698
Zeros	3
Zeros (%)	0.1%
Negative	1120
Negative (%)	55.0%
Memory size	16.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	-0.335
5-th percentile	-0.228
Q1	-0.117
median	-0.029
Q3	0.089
95-th percentile	0.3022
Maximum	0.698
Range	1.033
Interquartile range (IQR)	0.206

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.1622571652
Coefficient of variation (CV)	-69.17557925
Kurtosis	0.892332942
Mean	-0.002345584482
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.102
Skewness	0.834767301
Sum	-4.595
Variance	0.02632738766
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
-0.055	13	0.6%
-0.016	10	0.5%
-0.104	10	0.5%
-0.03	10	0.5%
0.018	10	0.5%
-0.101	9	0.4%
-0.071	9	0.4%
-0.147	9	0.4%
-0.07	9	0.4%
-0.009	9	0.4%
Other values (603)	1861	91.4%
(Missing)	76	3.7%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
-0.335	1	< 0.1%
-0.316	1	< 0.1%
-0.307	1	< 0.1%
-0.305	2	0.1%
-0.303	2	0.1%
-0.296	1	< 0.1%
-0.295	1	< 0.1%
-0.293	2	0.1%
-0.292	1	< 0.1%
-0.29	1	< 0.1%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.698	1	< 0.1%
0.689	1	< 0.1%
0.688	1	< 0.1%
0.679	1	< 0.1%
0.65	1	< 0.1%
0.645	1	< 0.1%
0.561	1	< 0.1%
0.555	1	< 0.1%
0.553	1	< 0.1%
0.542	1	< 0.1%

Perceptions of corruption
Real number (ℝ_≥0)

HIGH CORRELATION
MISSING

Distinct	588
Distinct (%)	30.5%
Missing	104
Missing (%)	5.1%
Infinite	0
Infinite (%)	0.0%
Mean	0.7462770585

Minimum	0.035
Maximum	0.983
Zeros	0
Zeros (%)	0.0%
Negative	0
Negative (%)	0.0%
Memory size	16.0 KiB

Quantile statistics

Minimum	0.035
5-th percentile	0.309
Q1	0.69
median	0.801
Q3	0.87
95-th percentile	0.941
Maximum	0.983
Range	0.948
Interquartile range (IQR)	0.18

Descriptive statistics

Standard deviation	0.1867596593
Coefficient of variation (CV)	0.250255126
Kurtosis	1.877472058
Mean	0.7462770585
Median Absolute Deviation (MAD)	0.085
Skewness	-1.507630876
Sum	1441.061
Variance	0.03487917035
Monotonicity	Not monotonic

Histogram with fixed size bins (bins=50)

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.844	15	0.7%
0.755	13	0.6%
0.868	13	0.6%
0.848	13	0.6%
0.841	13	0.6%
0.898	12	0.6%
0.884	11	0.5%
0.863	11	0.5%
0.856	11	0.5%
0.855	11	0.5%
Other values (578)	1808	88.8%
(Missing)	104	5.1%

Minimum 5 values
Maximum 5 values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.035	1	< 0.1%
0.047	1	< 0.1%
0.06	1	< 0.1%
0.064	1	< 0.1%
0.066	1	< 0.1%
0.07	1	< 0.1%
0.078	1	< 0.1%
0.081	1	< 0.1%
0.082	1	< 0.1%
0.095	1	< 0.1%

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
0.983	2	0.1%
0.979	1	< 0.1%
0.977	2	0.1%
0.976	2	0.1%
0.974	1	< 0.1%
0.973	2	0.1%
0.97	2	0.1%
0.969	1	< 0.1%
0.968	3	0.1%
0.967	3	0.1%

COVID time
Categorical

HIGH CORRELATION

Distinct	2
Distinct (%)	0.1%
Missing	0
Missing (%)	0.0%
Memory size	16.0 KiB

Pre-COVID	1791
Post-COVID	244

Length

Max length	10
Median length	9
Mean length	9.11990172
Min length	9

Characters and Unicode

Total characters	18559
Distinct characters	12
Distinct categories	3 ?
Distinct scripts	2 ?
Distinct blocks	1 ?

The Unicode Standard assigns character properties to each code point, which can be used to analyse textual variables.

Unique

Unique	0 ?
Unique (%)	0.0%

Sample

1st row	Pre-COVID
2nd row	Pre-COVID
3rd row	Pre-COVID
4th row	Pre-COVID
5th row	Pre-COVID

Common Values

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Pre-COVID	1791	88.0%
Post-COVID	244	12.0%

Length

Histogram of lengths of the category

Pie chart

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
pre-covid	1791	88.0%
post-covid	244	12.0%

Most occurring characters

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
P	2035	11.0%
-	2035	11.0%
C	2035	11.0%
O	2035	11.0%
V	2035	11.0%
I	2035	11.0%
D	2035	11.0%
r	1791	9.7%
e	1791	9.7%
o	244	1.3%
Other values (2)	488	2.6%

Most occurring categories

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Uppercase Letter	12210	65.8%
Lowercase Letter	4314	23.2%
Dash Punctuation	2035	11.0%

Most frequent character per category

Uppercase Letter

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
P	2035	16.7%
C	2035	16.7%
O	2035	16.7%
V	2035	16.7%
I	2035	16.7%
D	2035	16.7%

Lowercase Letter

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
r	1791	41.5%
e	1791	41.5%
o	244	5.7%
s	244	5.7%
t	244	5.7%

Dash Punctuation

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
-	2035	100.0%

Most occurring scripts

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
Latin	16524	89.0%
Common	2035	11.0%

Most frequent character per script

Latin

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
P	2035	12.3%
C	2035	12.3%
O	2035	12.3%
V	2035	12.3%
I	2035	12.3%
D	2035	12.3%
r	1791	10.8%
e	1791	10.8%
o	244	1.5%
s	244	1.5%

Common

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
-	2035	100.0%

Most occurring blocks

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
ASCII	18559	100.0%

Most frequent character per block

ASCII

Value	Count	Frequency (%)
P	2035	11.0%
-	2035	11.0%
C	2035	11.0%
O	2035	11.0%
V	2035	11.0%
I	2035	11.0%
D	2035	11.0%
r	1791	9.7%
e	1791	9.7%
o	244	1.3%
Other values (2)	488	2.6%

Pearson's r

The Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) is a measure of linear correlation between two variables. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative linear correlation, 0 indicating no linear correlation and 1 indicating total positive linear correlation. Furthermore, r is invariant under separate changes in location and scale of the two variables, implying that for a linear function the angle to the x-axis does not affect r.

To calculate r for two variables X and Y, one divides the covariance of X and Y by the product of their standard deviations.

Spearman's ρ

The Spearman's rank correlation coefficient (ρ) is a measure of monotonic correlation between two variables, and is therefore better in catching nonlinear monotonic correlations than Pearson's r. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative monotonic correlation, 0 indicating no monotonic correlation and 1 indicating total positive monotonic correlation.

To calculate ρ for two variables X and Y, one divides the covariance of the rank variables of X and Y by the product of their standard deviations.

Kendall's τ

Similarly to Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, the Kendall rank correlation coefficient (τ) measures ordinal association between two variables. It's value lies between -1 and +1, -1 indicating total negative correlation, 0 indicating no correlation and 1 indicating total positive correlation.

To calculate τ for two variables X and Y, one determines the number of concordant and discordant pairs of observations. τ is given by the number of concordant pairs minus the discordant pairs divided by the total number of pairs.

Phik (φk)

Phik (φk) is a new and practical correlation coefficient that works consistently between categorical, ordinal and interval variables, captures non-linear dependency and reverts to the Pearson correlation coefficient in case of a bivariate normal input distribution. There is extensive documentation available here.

Cramér's V (φc)

Cramér's V is an association measure for nominal random variables. The coefficient ranges from 0 to 1, with 0 indicating independence and 1 indicating perfect association. The empirical estimators used for Cramér's V have been proved to be biased, even for large samples. We use a bias-corrected measure that has been proposed by Bergsma in 2013 that can be found here.

A simple visualization of nullity by column.

Nullity matrix is a data-dense display which lets you quickly visually pick out patterns in data completion.

The correlation heatmap measures nullity correlation: how strongly the presence or absence of one variable affects the presence of another.

The dendrogram allows you to more fully correlate variable completion, revealing trends deeper than the pairwise ones visible in the correlation heatmap.

First rows

	df_index	Country name	Regional indicator	Year	Ladder score	Log GDP per capita	Healthy life expectancy	Social support	Freedom to make life choices	Generosity	Perceptions of corruption	COVID time
0	0	Afghanistan	South Asia	2008	3.724	7.370	50.800	0.451	0.718	0.168	0.882	Pre-COVID
1	11	Afghanistan	South Asia	2019	2.375	7.697	52.400	0.420	0.394	-0.108	0.924	Pre-COVID
2	10	Afghanistan	South Asia	2018	2.694	7.692	52.600	0.508	0.374	-0.094	0.928	Pre-COVID
3	9	Afghanistan	South Asia	2017	2.662	7.697	52.800	0.491	0.427	-0.121	0.954	Pre-COVID
4	8	Afghanistan	South Asia	2016	4.220	7.697	53.000	0.559	0.523	0.042	0.793	Pre-COVID
5	7	Afghanistan	South Asia	2015	3.983	7.702	53.200	0.529	0.389	0.080	0.881	Pre-COVID
6	2034	Afghanistan	South Asia	2021	2.523	7.695	52.493	0.463	0.382	-0.102	0.924	Post-COVID
7	5	Afghanistan	South Asia	2013	3.572	7.725	52.560	0.484	0.578	0.061	0.823	Pre-COVID
8	4	Afghanistan	South Asia	2012	3.783	7.705	52.240	0.521	0.531	0.236	0.776	Pre-COVID
9	3	Afghanistan	South Asia	2011	3.832	7.620	51.920	0.521	0.496	0.162	0.731	Pre-COVID

Last rows

	df_index	Country name	Regional indicator	Year	Ladder score	Log GDP per capita	Healthy life expectancy	Social support	Freedom to make life choices	Generosity	Perceptions of corruption	COVID time
2025	1878	Zimbabwe	Sub-Saharan Africa	2013	4.690	7.985	50.960	0.799	0.576	-0.104	0.831	Pre-COVID
2026	1872	Zimbabwe	Sub-Saharan Africa	2007	3.280	7.666	42.860	0.828	0.456	-0.082	0.946	Pre-COVID
2027	1876	Zimbabwe	Sub-Saharan Africa	2011	4.846	7.846	48.120	0.865	0.633	-0.088	0.830	Pre-COVID
2028	1875	Zimbabwe	Sub-Saharan Africa	2010	4.682	7.729	46.700	0.857	0.665	-0.093	0.828	Pre-COVID
2029	1874	Zimbabwe	Sub-Saharan Africa	2009	4.056	7.563	45.420	0.806	0.411	-0.078	0.931	Pre-COVID
2030	1873	Zimbabwe	Sub-Saharan Africa	2008	3.174	7.461	44.140	0.843	0.344	-0.090	0.964	Pre-COVID
2031	1871	Zimbabwe	Sub-Saharan Africa	2006	3.826	7.711	41.580	0.822	0.431	-0.076	0.905	Pre-COVID
2032	2033	Zimbabwe	Sub-Saharan Africa	2021	3.145	7.943	56.201	0.750	0.677	-0.047	0.821	Post-COVID
2033	1877	Zimbabwe	Sub-Saharan Africa	2012	4.955	7.983	49.540	0.896	0.470	-0.103	0.859	Pre-COVID
2034	1885	Zimbabwe	Sub-Saharan Africa	2020	3.160	7.829	56.800	0.717	0.643	-0.009	0.789	Post-COVID

Overview

Variables

Common Values

Length

Most occurring characters

Most occurring categories

Most frequent character per category

Lowercase Letter

Uppercase Letter

Space Separator

Open Punctuation

Close Punctuation

Other Punctuation

Most occurring scripts

Most frequent character per script

Latin

Common

Most occurring blocks

Most frequent character per block

ASCII

Common Values

Length

Pie chart

Most occurring characters

Most occurring categories

Most frequent character per category

Lowercase Letter

Uppercase Letter

Space Separator

Dash Punctuation

Most occurring scripts

Most frequent character per script

Latin

Common

Most occurring blocks

Most frequent character per block

ASCII

Common Values

Length

Pie chart

Most occurring characters

Most occurring categories

Most frequent character per category

Uppercase Letter

Lowercase Letter

Dash Punctuation

Most occurring scripts

Most frequent character per script

Latin

Common

Most occurring blocks

Most frequent character per block

ASCII

Interactions

Correlations

Pearson's r

Spearman's ρ

Kendall's τ

Phik (φk)

Cramér's V (φc)

Missing values

Sample

First rows

Last rows